Spanish validation of the short version of the racing and crowded thoughts questionnaire (RCTQ-13).

BACKGROUND: The Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire (RCTQ-13) is the most widely used specific scale for the measurement of racing thoughts, but there is currently no Spanish version that allow the evaluation in Spanish-speaking patients. The objective of this study is to translate, adapt, and validate the RCTQ-13 in a Colombian population with affective disorders. METHODS: The questionnaire was translated and back-translated, and corrections were implemented following a pilot test to improve comprehensibility. We included patients with Bipolar I Disorder and with Major depressive disorder seen in three centers in the city of Medellín, Colombia. We evaluate structural validity with confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Construct validity was also assessed with the comparison between euthymic, maniac, and depressive episodes and the correlation with worry, rumination, and mania scales. Responsiveness was measured 1 month after the first evaluation. Based on item response theory (IRT), we also estimated item difficulty, discrimination, and fit using a generalized partial credit model. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty subjects were included. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the three-factor structure of the scale was appropriate. Internal consistency was adequate for the entire scale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.94-0.96) and for each factor. Test-retest reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82, 95%IC: 0.70-0.88). For construct validity, we observed differences between patients with different types of affective episodes, a moderate positive correlation with the Penn State Worry Scale (r = 0.55) and the Ruminative Response Scale (r = 0.42), and a low negative correlation with the Young Mania Rating Scale (r = - 0.10). Responsiveness was proved to be adequate. Under IRT, the response thresholds for the response options are organized for all items. The infit was adequate for all items and the outfit was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the RCTQ-13 is a reliable, valid, and responsive scale and can be used for the clinical assessment of the construct of racing and crowded thoughts in patients with the spectrum of affective disorders in whom this experience can be expressed with different nuances. Further research is needed to expand the relationship with rumination and worry.

Avoidant restrictive eating disorder and panic attacks in an adult man: A case report / Trastorno evitativo restrictivo de la ingesta alimentaria y ataques de pánico en un hombre adulto: Reporte de caso

Abstract Avoidant or Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is an eating disorder (ED) not common in adults. In this article we present a clinical case of ARFID in a 37-year-old male patient treated in an ED center in Medellin, Colombia; displaying anxious symptoms that began a year earlier and concomitant weight loss, following a traumatic event causing an overall impairment with that patient. Several medical evaluations/examinations looking for organic causes, were excluded. Interventions were implemented by a psychiatry, a psychotherapist using cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), and a nutritionist, all in face-to-face modality, which were carried out weekly for the first three months, then biweekly and subsequently quarterly. each lasting approximately 40-60 minutes. After the set of pharmacological interventions and psychotherapy, a great improvement in the functionality of the patient was observed. Improvement was found with respect to eating in public, food variation and panic attacks. In the absence of guidelines, it is important to use standardized and replicable treatments in this population.

Resumen El trastorno evitativo restrictivo de la ingesta (TERIA) es un trastorno alimentario (TCA) raro en adultos. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 37 años con TERIA y trastorno de pánico atendido en un centro para TCA en Medellín, Colombia, quien presentó un año de síntomas ansiosos y pérdida de peso después de evento traumático, generando disfuncionalidad. Fue evaluada y excluida organicidad. Se realizaron intervenciones por parte de psiquiatría, psicoterapia con enfoque cognitivo conductual y nutrición, todas en modalidad presencial, las cuales se realizaron semanalmente los primeros tres meses, luego quincenalmente y posteriormente trimestralmente. Cada una con una duración de 40-60 minutos aproximadamente por sesión. Posterior al conjunto de intervenciones farmacológicas y psicoterapia, se observó una gran mejoría la funcionalidad del paciente, se encontró mejoría con respecto a comer en público, variación en los alimentos y ataques de panico. Ante la ausencia de guías de manejo de TERIA en adultos es relevante realizar tratamientos estandarizados que puedan ser replicados.

"I was very sad, but not depressed": phenomenological differences between adjustment disorder and a major depressive episode.

Introduction: Adjustment disorder (AD) is a diagnosis that must be differentiated from major depressive episode (MDE) because of the therapeutic implications. The aim of this study is to understand the experience of patients who in their lifetime have been diagnosed with AD as well as MDE to establish the characteristics of each disorder. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological approach was used with in-depth interviews to four patients and the method proposed by Colaizzi to understand the experiences and reach the description of both disorders. Results: Three women and one man, with advanced schooling were interviewed. The participants emphasized the existence of differences that were grouped in: the attribution made by the individual, the theme of cognitions, the variability in the course, the possibility of mood modulation, the syndrome severity, the presence of hopelessness and the perceived course. Conclusion: Phenomenological differences were found in the subjective experience of MDE and AD. The MDE would be described as an intense state of generalized shutdown of the subject's own life, with little response to events, and the AD, as a dynamic reaction attributed to a stressful event, with high variability in the course of symptoms due to the dependence on such event, with the preserved hope that it will end.

Comparison of the neurocognitive profile of the children of parents with bipolar disorder and controls: A transnational cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Studies that have compared the cognitive alterations of the children of parents with bipolar disorder (CPBD) versus the children of control parents (CCP), present heterogeneous results due to the studies' methodological differences, the age of the population studied, and the lack of standardisation of the measures used for the different neurocognitive domains. The objective was to compare the neurocognitive profile of CPBD versus CCP to observe if there are differences that could be proposed as possible endophenotypes of BD. RESULTS: A total of 107 individuals (51 CPBD, and 56 CCP) with ages between 6 and 16 (mean, 12.2±2.80) years of age were evaluated. Seventy-four point five percent of the CPBD group had some disorder compared to 67.9% of the CCP group. Tests such as letter-F phonemic verbal fluency, letter-S phonemic verbal fluency, overall F-A-S phonemic verbal fluency, story recall and retrieval, and Wisconsin perseverative errors showed a difference with a small effect size, but with a high degree of uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: The CPBD did not have differences in their neurocognitive profile in comparison with CCP. Both groups have a high prevalence of psychopathology, which is a factor that could explain the lack of differences in neurocognitive performance.

The role of psychosocial adversity in the aetiology and course of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has genetic and environmental aetiological factors. There are few publications on the environmental factors. The objective of this review is to present the role of psychosocial adversity in the aetiology and course of ADHD. METHODS: A search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, ClinicalKey, EMBASE, Lilacs, OVID, APA and PsycNET. English and Spanish were selected without being limited by type of study or year of publication. Finally, a qualitative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS: ADHD development could be related to exposure to adverse factors in the family, school or social environment. It has been proposed as an explanatory mechanism that adversity interacts with genetic variants and leads to neurobiological changes. There may also be a gene-environment correlation whereby individual hereditary characteristics increase the risk of exposure to adversity, and indirectly increase the probability of developing ADHD. Research on psychosocial adversity represents a big challenge, not only due to the complexity of its construct, but also to the effect of subjective perception of a given event. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD aetiology is complex and involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors, in which these factors correlate and cause the disorder. The study of the role of psychosocial adversity in ADHD is fundamental, but it remains a task that entails great difficulties.

The role of psychosocial adversity in the aetiology and course of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has genetic and environmental aetiological factors. There are few publications on the environmental factors. The objective of this review is to present the role of psychosocial adversity in the aetiology and course of ADHD. Methods: A search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, ClinicalKey, EMBASE, Lilacs, OVID, APA and PsycNET. English and Spanish were selected without being limited by type of study or year of publication. Finally, a qualitative synthesis was conducted. Results: ADHD development could be related to exposure to adverse factors in the family, school or social environment. It has been proposed as an explanatory mechanism that adversity interacts with genetic variants and leads to neurobiological changes. There may also be a gene-environment correlation whereby individual hereditary characteristics increase the risk of exposure to adversity, and indirectly increase the probability of developing ADHD. Research on psychosocial adversity represents a big challenge, not only due to the complexity of its construct, but also to the effect of subjective perception of a given event. Conclusions: ADHD aetiology is complex and involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors, in which these factors correlate and cause the disorder. The study of the role of psychosocial adversity in ADHD is fundamental, but it remains a task that entails great difficulties.

Introducción: El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) tiene factores etiológicos genéticos y ambientales. Hay pocas publicaciones acerca de los factores ambientales. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar el papel de la adversidad psicosocial en la etiología y el curso del TDAH. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, ScienceDi-rect, SciELO, ClinicalKey, EMBASE, Lilacs, OVID, APA y PsycNET. Se seleccionaron artículos en inglés y español sin limitar por tipo de estudio o año de publicación. Finalmente, se hizo una síntesis cualitativa. Resultados: El desarrollo del TDAH podría estar relacionado con la exposición a factores adversos en el entorno familiar, escolar o social. Se ha propuesto como mecanismo explicativo que la adversidad interactúa con variantes genéticas y conduce a cambios neurobiológicos. También puede haber una correlación entre gen y ambiente, en la que las características hereditarias individuales aumentan el riesgo de exposición a la adversidad e indirectamente aumentan la probabilidad de sufrir TDAH. La investigación sobre la adversidad psicosocial representa un gran desafío no solo por la complejidad de su constructo, sino también por el efecto de la percepción subjetiva sobre un evento determinado. Conclusiones: La etiología del TDAH es compleja y factores genéticos y ambientales presentan una interacción en la que estos factores se correlacionan y originan el trastorno. El estudio del papel de la adversidad psicosocial en el TDAH es fundamental, pero sigue siendo una tarea que conlleva grandes dificultades.

Situación del suicidio en Antioquia-Colombia durante los años 2016 y 2017: Resultados de los datos de vigilancia epidemiológica

Introducción: la vigilancia epidemiológica del suicidio en una región permite identificar los patrones, la distribución y las características con que ocurre y sentar las bases de intervenciones para prevenirlo. Objetivo: describir la situación del suicidio en Antioquia para el periodo 2016-2017. Métodos: estudio descriptivo basado en datos del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Lesiones de Causa Externa del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias forenses. Se calcularon las tasas de suicidio y los años de vida potencialmente perdidos (AVPP) y se describieron las circunstancias del evento. Resultados: hubo 425 suicidios en 2016 y 419 en el 2017, con una tasa de suicidio de 6,50 y 6,34 por 100.000 habitantes/año respectivamente, y 16.446,8 AVPP para 2016 y 16.019,94 para 2017. La mayor parte de los suicidios se presentó en el sexo masculino, en los grupos de edad jóvenes, residentes en área urbana y estado civil soltero. Con respecto a las características del suicidio, el mecanismo más frecuentemente utilizado fue la asfixia mecánica seguido por el envenenamiento, en cerca del 40% de los casos se estableció un evento vital desencadenante como los conflictos de pareja, y se presentaron con mayor frecuencia los días domingo y lunes y en la noche y madrugada. Conclusión: las tasas de suicidio en Antioquia se han incrementado en 2016 y 2017 con respecto a años anteriores. Es más frecuente en hombres y en edades económicamente productivas, lo que explica los altos AVPP. La descripción de las características del suicidio podría facilitar la discusión de intervenciones preventivas.

Summary Background: Identifying the patterns, distribution, and characteristics of suicide in a region is possible with epidemiological surveillance which may lay the foundations for suicide prevention. Objective: To describe the situation of suicide in Antioquia during the period 2016-2017. Methods: Descriptive study based on data from the Epidemiological Surveillance System for External Cause Injuries of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences. Suicides rates and Years of Life Lost (YLL) were calculated and the circumstances of the event were described. Results: There were 425 suicides in 2016 and 419 in 2017, with a suicides rate of 6.50 and 6.34 per 100,000 inhabitants/year respectively, and 16,446.8 YLL for 2016 and 16,019.94 YLL for 2017. Most of the suicides occurred in males, in young age groups, urban residents and single marital status. Regarding the characteristics of suicide, the most frequently used mechanism was mechanical asphyxia followed by poisoning, in about 40% of cases a triggering life event was established, such as partner conflicts, and were more frequent on Sunday and Monday and at night and early morning. Conclusion: The incidence of suicide in Antioquia increased in 2016 and 2017 compared to previous years. It was more frequent in economically productive ages, which explains the high YLL. The description of the characteristics of suicide may facilitate the discussion of preventive interventions.

[Description of a telehealth mental health programme in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia]. / Descripción de un programa de telesalud mental en el marco de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia.

Background: A telehealth mental health programme was designed at the LivingLab of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de Antioquia [University of Antioquia].Objectives: To describe the development and operation of the programme and evaluate the satisfaction of the patients treated during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021.Methods: Descriptive study that details the development of the programme. Data were extracted from medical records to describe the patients who were treated. A satisfaction scale was applied to a random sample and the data were summarised with descriptive statistics.Results: In March 2020 and August 2021, 10,229 patients were treated, with 20,276 treated by telepsychology and 4,164 by psychiatry, 1,808 by telepsychiatry and 2,356 by tele-expertise, with a total of 6,312 visits. The most frequent diagnoses were depressive (36.8%), anxiety (12.0%), and psychotic (10.7%) disorders. Respondents were satisfied to the point that more than 93% would recommend it to another person.Conclusions: The LivingLab telehealth mental health programme allowed for the care of patients with mental health problems and disorders in Antioquia during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and there was a high degree of satisfaction among the beneficiaries. Therefore it could be adopted in mental health care.

[Deliberative dialogue with Ibero-American universities on interventions in student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemicDiálogo deliberativo com universidades ibero-americanas sobre intervenções em saúde mental dos estudantes na pandemia de COVID-19]. / Diálogo deliberativo con universidades iberoamericanas sobre intervenciones en salud mental estudiantil durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Objective: To contextualize a synthesis of evidence on interventions in student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic through a deliberative dialogue with Ibero-American universities. Methods: An evidence synthesis and synchronous dialogues were previously conducted, consisting of subgroup discussions about the design and implementation of mental health interventions. An analysis of dialogic data was conducted, then organized by topic. Results: Fifty-seven representatives of 17 public and private Ibero-American universities participated in the meeting. In terms of the design of interventions, mental health is perceived as neglected, although its profile was raised by the pandemic. Interventions are guided by detection of needs; scientific evidence is rarely used to design them. Importance was given to forming an interdisciplinary team with continuous training in order to design a specific program that also covers families and teaching/administrative staff. In terms of implementation, problems include saturation of services due to high demand and lack of basic resources among students. Regarding the provision of resources, the influence of the broader context, including the institutional context, is undeniable. The dialogues were perceived as an opportunity to build a new set of interventions. Conclusions: These dialogues enriched the description of interventions already described in the literature on student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, implementing such interventions in the region means addressing previous neglect and a high level of unmet basic needs.

Objetivo: Contextualizar uma síntese de evidências sobre intervenções em saúde mental de estudantes universitários na pandemia de COVID-19, por meio do diálogo deliberativo com universidades ibero-americanas. Métodos: A partir de uma síntese de evidências previamente elaborada, o diálogo síncrono foi conduzido por meio de discussões em subgrupos sobre o planejamento e a implementação de intervenções em saúde mental. Os dados obtidos foram analisados e resumidos por área temática. Resultados: Cinquenta e sete integrantes de 17 universidades ibero-americanas públicas e privadas participaram do encontro. Os participantes indicaram que a saúde mental é negligenciada no planejamento das intervenções, mas ganhou visibilidade na pandemia. As intervenções são direcionadas às necessidades identificadas e raramente planejadas com base em evidências científicas. Disseram considerar importante formar uma equipe interdisciplinar com capacitação contínua para planejar um programa específico que englobe também familiares e o corpo docente e administrativo. Implementar intervenções é complicado porque os serviços estão sobrecarregados devido à grande demanda e à falta de recursos básicos para os estudantes. O contexto macro e institucional claramente influencia a disponibilização de recursos. O diálogo foi visto como uma oportunidade para consolidar um novo conjunto de intervenções. Conclusões: O presente diálogo contribuiu para enriquecer a literatura de intervenções de saúde mental para estudantes universitários na pandemia de COVID-19. Implementar intervenções no nosso contexto requer sanar as falhas por negligência passada e as enormes necessidades básicas não atendidas.

Correlation between cognitive performance and structural neuroanatomy in patients with type I bipolar affective disorder treated with and without lithium.

INTRODUCTION: Lithium treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with less cognitive impairment and fewer changes in structural brain anatomy compared to other treatments. However, the studies are heterogeneous and few assess whether these effects are related. The objective of this study was to evaluate and relate cognitive performance and structural neuroanatomy in patients treated with and without lithium. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 48 subjects with BD-I, of which 22 were treated with lithium and 26 without lithium. Performance was assessed on Wechsler III (WAIS III), TMT A and B (Trial Making Test) neuropsychological tests, California verbal learning test (CVLT), Rey complex figure test and Wisconsin card sorting test. Brain structures obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated. The standardised mean difference (SMD) between both groups was calculated, adjusted for confounding variables using a propensity score, and the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) was used to assess the relationship between cognitive performance and neuroanatomical regions. RESULTS: Compared to the group without lithium, the group with lithium had fewer perseverative errors in the Wisconsin test (SMD = -0.69) and greater left and right cortical areas (SMD = 0.85; SMD = 0.92); greater surface area in the left anterior cingulate (SMD = 1.32), right medial orbitofrontal cortex (SMD = 1.17), right superior frontal gyrus (SMD = 0.82), and right and left precentral gyrus (SMD = 1.33; SMD = 0.98); greater volume of the right amygdala (SMD = 0.57), right hippocampus (SMD = 0.66), right putamen (SMD = 0.87) and right thalamus (SMD = .67). In the lithium group, a correlation was found with these errors and the thickness of the left precentral gyrus (ρ = -0.78), the volume of the right thalamus (ρ = -0.44), and the right amygdala (ρ = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: The lithium group had better cognitive flexibility and greater dimension in some frontal and subcortical cortical regions. Furthermore, there was a moderate to high correlation between performance in this executive function and the thickness of the right precentral gyrus, and the volumes of the thalamus and the right amygdala. These findings could suggest a neuroprotective effect of lithium.

Diálogo deliberativo con universidades iberoamericanas sobre intervenciones en salud mental estudiantil durante la pandemia de COVID-19

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Contextualizar una síntesis de evidencia sobre intervenciones en salud mental estudiantil durante la pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) por medio de un diálogo deliberativo con universidades iberoamericanas. Métodos. Se realizó previamente una síntesis de evidencia y un diálogo sincrónico, que consistió en la discusión en subgrupos acerca del diseño y aplicación de las intervenciones en salud mental. Se realizó un análisis de datos dialógicos y se sintetizó por temas. Resultados. Cincuenta y siete miembros de 17 universidades iberoamericanas públicas y privadas participaron en el encuentro. En el diseño de las intervenciones, se percibe la salud mental como desatendida, y visibilizada con la pandemia. La detección de necesidades es la que orienta las intervenciones y rara vez se utiliza evidencia científica para diseñarlas. Se considera importante conformar un equipo interdisciplinario con capacitación continua para diseñar un programa específico, que cubra también familias y personal docente y administrativo. En la aplicación, existen problemas como la saturación de los servicios por la alta demanda y la falta de recursos básicos de los estudiantes. Es innegable la influencia del contexto macro e institucional por la disposición de recursos. El diálogo fue percibido como oportunidad para construir un consolidado nuevo de intervenciones. Conclusiones. Este diálogo permitió enriquecer la descripción de intervenciones en salud mental estudiantil durante la pandemia de COVID-19 ya descritas en la literatura, aunque llevarlas a la práctica en nuestro contexto supone hacer frente a la deuda por la desatención previa y las altas necesidades básicas insatisfechas.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To contextualize a synthesis of evidence on interventions in student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic through a deliberative dialogue with Ibero-American universities. Methods. An evidence synthesis and synchronous dialogues were previously conducted, consisting of subgroup discussions about the design and implementation of mental health interventions. An analysis of dialogic data was conducted, then organized by topic. Results. Fifty-seven representatives of 17 public and private Ibero-American universities participated in the meeting. In terms of the design of interventions, mental health is perceived as neglected, although its profile was raised by the pandemic. Interventions are guided by detection of needs; scientific evidence is rarely used to design them. Importance was given to forming an interdisciplinary team with continuous training in order to design a specific program that also covers families and teaching/administrative staff. In terms of implementation, problems include saturation of services due to high demand and lack of basic resources among students. Regarding the provision of resources, the influence of the broader context, including the institutional context, is undeniable. The dialogues were perceived as an opportunity to build a new set of interventions. Conclusions. These dialogues enriched the description of interventions already described in the literature on student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, implementing such interventions in the region means addressing previous neglect and a high level of unmet basic needs.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Contextualizar uma síntese de evidências sobre intervenções em saúde mental de estudantes universitários na pandemia de COVID-19, por meio do diálogo deliberativo com universidades ibero-americanas. Métodos. A partir de uma síntese de evidências previamente elaborada, o diálogo síncrono foi conduzido por meio de discussões em subgrupos sobre o planejamento e a implementação de intervenções em saúde mental. Os dados obtidos foram analisados e resumidos por área temática. Resultados. Cinquenta e sete integrantes de 17 universidades ibero-americanas públicas e privadas participaram do encontro. Os participantes indicaram que a saúde mental é negligenciada no planejamento das intervenções, mas ganhou visibilidade na pandemia. As intervenções são direcionadas às necessidades identificadas e raramente planejadas com base em evidências científicas. Disseram considerar importante formar uma equipe interdisciplinar com capacitação contínua para planejar um programa específico que englobe também familiares e o corpo docente e administrativo. Implementar intervenções é complicado porque os serviços estão sobrecarregados devido à grande demanda e à falta de recursos básicos para os estudantes. O contexto macro e institucional claramente influencia a disponibilização de recursos. O diálogo foi visto como uma oportunidade para consolidar um novo conjunto de intervenções. Conclusões. O presente diálogo contribuiu para enriquecer a literatura de intervenções de saúde mental para estudantes universitários na pandemia de COVID-19. Implementar intervenções no nosso contexto requer sanar as falhas por negligência passada e as enormes necessidades básicas não atendidas.

Correlación entre el desempeño cognitivo y la neuroanatomía estructural en pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I tratados con y sin litio / Correlation Between Cognitive Performance and Structural Neuroanatomy in Patients with Type I Bipolar Affective Disorder Treated with and Without Lithium

RESUMEN Introducción: El tratamiento del trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) con litio se ha relacionado con menos deterioro cognitivo y menores cambios en la anatomía estructural cerebral comparado con otros tratamientos. Sin embargo, los estudios son heterogéneos y son pocos los que evalúan si estos efectos están relacionados. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar y relacionar el desempeno cognitivo y la neuroanatomía estructural en pacientes tratados con y sin litio. Métodos: Estudio de corte trasversal que incluyó a 48 sujetos con TAB I: 22 tratados con litio y 26 sin litio. Se evaluó el desempeno en las pruebas neuropsicológicas Wechsler III (WAIS III), TMTAyB (Trial Making Test), prueba de aprendizaje verbal de California (TAVEC), prueba de Figura compleja de Rey y prueba de clasificación de tarjetas de Wisconsin. Se evaluaron estructuras cerebrales obtenidas por resonancia magnétiva (RM) cerebral. Se calculó la diferencia de medias estandarizada (DME) entre ambos grupos, con ajuste por variables de confusión mediante puntuación de propensión, y se empleó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (p) para evaluar la relación existente entre el desempeno cognitivo y las regiones neuroanatómicas. Resultados: Respecto al grupo sin litio, el grupo con litio tuvo menos errores perseverativos en el Wisconsin (DME = -0,69) y mayores áreas corticales derecha e izquierda (DME = 0,85 y DME = 0,92); mayor superficie en el cíngulo anterior izquierdo (DME = 1,32), la corteza orbi-tofrontal medial derecha (DME = 1,17), el giro frontal superior derecho (DME = 0,82), los giros precentrales derecho e izquierdo (DME = 1,33 y DME = 0,98); mayor volumen de la amígdala derecha (DME = 0,57), el hipocampo derecho (DME = 0,66), el putamen derecho (DME = 0,87) y el tálamo derecho (DME = 0,67). En el grupo con litio, se encontró una correlación con dichos errores y el espesor del giro precentral izquierdo (p = -0,78), el volumen del tálamo derecho (p = -0,44) y la amígdala derecha (p = 0,6). Conclusiones: El grupo con litio tuvo mejor flexibilidad cognitiva y mayor dimensión en algunas regiones corticales frontales y subcorticales. Además, hubo correlación moderada a alta entre el desempeno en esta función ejecutiva y el espesor del giro precentral derecho, y los volúmenes del tálamo y la amígdala derecha. Estos hallazgos podrían indicar un efecto neuroprotector del litio

ABSTRACT Introduction: Lithium treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with less impairment and fewer changes in structural brain anatomy compared to other treatments. However, the studies are heterogeneous and few assess whether these effects are related. The objective of this study was to evaluate and relate cognitive performance and structural neuroanatomy in patients treated with and without lithium. Methods: Cross-sectional study that included 48 subjects with BD-I, of which 22 were treated with lithium and 26 without lithium. Performance was assessed on Wechsler III (WAIS III), TMT A and B (Trial Making Test) neuropsychological tests, California verbal learning test (CVLT), Rey complex figure test and Wisconsin card sorting test. Brain structures obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated. The standardised mean difference (SMD) between both groups was calculated, adjusted for confounding variables using a propen-sity score, and the Spearman correlation coefficient (p) was used to assess the relationship between cognitive performance and neuroanatomical regions. Results: Compared to the group without lithium, the group with lithium had fewer perse-verative errors in the Wisconsin test (SMD = -0.69) and greater left and right cortical areas (SMD = 0.85; SMD = 0.92); greater surface area in the left anterior cingulate (SMD = 1.32), right medial orbitofrontal cortex (SMD = 1.17), right superior frontal gyrus (SMD = 0.82), and right and left precentral gyrus (SMD = 1.33; SMD = 0.98); greater volume of the right amyg-dala (SMD = 0.57), right hippocampus (SMD = 0.66), right putamen (SMD = 0.87) and right thalamus (SMD=.67). In the lithium group, a correlation was found with these errors and the thickness of the left precentral gyrus (p = -0.78), the volume of the right thalamus (p =-0.44), and the right amygdala (p = 0.6). Conclusions: Thelithium group had better cognitive flexibility and greater dimension in some frontal and subcortical cortical regions. Furthermore, there was a moderate to high correlation between performance in this executive function and the thickness of the right precentral gyrus, and the volumes of the thalamus and the right amygdala. These findings could suggest a neuroprotective effect of lithium.

¿Los hijos de pacientes con trastorno bipolar tienen una peor percepción de la calidad de sueño? / Do Children of Patients with Bipolar Disorder have a Worse Perception of Sleep Quality?

RESUMEN Introducción: los Hijos de Padres con Trastorno Bipolar (HPTB) constituyen una población de riesgo ya que pueden heredar el Trastorno Bipolar (TB) como también manifestaciones clínicas tempranas como seria las alteraciones en el sueño. Objetivo: comparar la presencia de trastornos psiquiátricos y las alteraciones en el sueño de los HPTB con los Hijos de Padres Control (HPC). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal, que comparó HPTB versus HPC. Se entrevistaron con instrumentos validados para determinar la existencia de síntomas y trastornos psiquiátricos. Utilizamos las escalas: "Cuestionario de evaluación de sueño" y "Encuesta sobre hábitos de sueño en escolares" para determinarlas características del sueño y factores asociados con el mismo. Adicionalmente se obtuvo el registro de sueño (7-21 días) por medio de un reloj de actígrafia. Resultados: Se reunió una muestra con 42 sujetos (18 HPTB y 24 HPC). Se encontraron diferencias en la presentación de los trastornos psiquiátricos. El grupo de HPTB presento mayor frecuencia del trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM; p = 0,04) y el trastorno disruptivo de la regulación emocional (TDRE, p = 0,04). En el grupo de HPC por su parte se presentó una mayor frecuencia de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH; p = 0,65) y de Trastorno de Ansiedad por Separación (TAS; p = 0,46). También se encontraron diferencias a nivel del sueño en las medidas subjetivas. En comparación con el HPC, el grupo de HPTB presento una peor percepción de la calidad de sueño (p = 0,02), una mayor presencia de pesadillas (p = 0,01), un menor tiempo total de sueño y una mayor latencia de sueño. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias entre los dos grupos en las mediciones de actigrafías. Conclusiones: el grupo de HPTB presenta mayor frecuencia de trastornos del estado de ánimo, y a su vez una mayor presencia de alteraciones del sueño en las medidas subjetivas. Es posible que exista una asociación entre los síntomas afectivos, las alteraciones en el sueño y el consumo de café. No se encontraron diferencias en el perfil de sueño por actígrafía. © 2020 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados. Children

ABSTRACT Introduction: The offspring of bipolar parents (BO) is a high-risk population for inheriting the bipolar disorder (BD) and other early clinical manifestations, such as sleep disturbances. Objective: To compare the presence of psychiatric disorders and sleep disturbances of BO versus offspring of control parents (OCP). Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted that compared BO versus OCP. The participants were assessed using valid tools to determine the presence of psychiatric symptoms or disorders. The "Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire" and "School Sleep Habits Survey" were used to determine sleep characteristics and associated factors. Sleep records (7-21 days) were also obtained by using an actigraphy watch. Results: A sample of 42 participants (18 BO and 24 OCP) was recruited. Differences were found in the presentation of the psychiatric disorder. The BO group showed a higher frequency of major depression disorder (MDD; P = .04) and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD; P = .04). The OCP group showed a higher frequency of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; P = .65), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD; P = .46). Differences were also found in sleep by using subjective measurements. Compared to the OCP group, BO had a worse perception of quality of sleep (P = .02), a higher frequency of nightmares (P = .01), a shorter total sleep time, and a higher sleep latency. Nevertheless, no differences were found between groups in the actigraphy measurements. Conclusions: The BO group had a higher frequency of Mood Disorders, and at the same time a higher number of sleep disturbances in the subjective measurements. It is possible that there is an association between mood symptoms, sleep disturbances, and coffee intake. No differences were found in the sleep profile by using actigraphy. © 2020 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Características y complicaciones de la intoxicación aguda por cocaína Un estudio transversal en un servicio de urgencias de Colombia / Characteristics and complications of acute cocaine intoxication A cross-sectional study in an emergency room in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: el consumo de cocaína se ha incrementado y con ello el número de consultas a urgencias y hospitalizaciones por intoxicación aguda. El objetivo fue describir las características y complicaciones de los pacientes intoxicados por cocaína que acudieron al servicio de urgencias de un hospital de alta complejidad de Colombia. Método: estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes atendidos durante 2016 y 2019 con intoxicación por cocaína, según historia clínica y test de cocaína positivo y sin enfermedad de base que afectara directamente la supervivencia. Se describieron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas y se estimó la mortalidad y prevalencia de complicaciones. Resultados: se incluyeron 159 pacientes, en su mayoría hombres, con bajo nivel educativo y mediana de edad de 31 años. La mortalidad fue 3.8%. La prevalencia de lesión renal aguda (LRA) fue de 29.6% (IC95% 22.6-37.3%), 8.8% (IC95% 4.3-14.3%) para insuficiencia hepática aguda (IHA), 4.4% (IC95% 1.8-8.9%) para infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y 4.4% (IC 95% 1.8-8.9%) para ataque cerebrovascular (ACV). Los niveles elevados de fosfocreatinquinasa (CPK) fueron encontrados con valores mayor a mil en 80% de pacientes con LRA, 100% de IHA, y en 50% de ACV. Conclusión: la intoxicación aguda por cocaína produce alteraciones multiorgánicas principalmente renales y hepáticas, que pueden ser por daño directo y también posiblemente por daño muscular reflejado en la elevación de CPK. Esto puede indicar la necesidad de vigilancia estricta de esta enzima y su investigación como variable pronóstica. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2256).

Abstract Introduction: the use of cocaine has increased, and, with it, the number of emergency room visits and hospitalizations due to acute intoxication. The objective was to describe the characteristics and complications of patients with cocaine intoxication who were seen in the emergency room of a tertiary care hospital in Colombia. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study. Patients seen from 2016 to 2019 with cocaine intoxication, according to the medical chart and a positive cocaine test, and with no underlying diseases which would directly affect survival, were included. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristic were described, and the mortality and prevalence of complications were estimated. Results: a total of 159 patients were included, mostly males, with a low educational level and a median age of 31 years. The mortality was 3.8%. The prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was 29.6% (95%CI 22.6 - 37.3%), 8.8% (95%CI 4.3 - 14.3%) for acute liver failure (ALF), 4.4% (95%CI 1.8 - 8.9%) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 4.4% (95% CI 1.8-8.9%) for cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were found to be greater than 1,000 in 80% of patients with AKI, 100% of those with ALF, and 50% of those with CVA. Conclusion: acute cocaine intoxication causes multiple organ dysfunction, mainly of the kidneys and liver, which may be due to direct injury and possibly also due to muscle damage reflected in the elevated CPK. This could indicate the need for strict monitoring of this enzyme and research of its use as a prognostic variable. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2256).

Do Children of Patients with Bipolar Disorder have a Worse Perception of Sleep Quality?

INTRODUCTION: The offspring of bipolar parents (BO) is a high-risk population for inheriting the bipolar disorder (BD) and other early clinical manifestations, such as sleep disturbances. OBJECTIVE: To compare the presence of psychiatric disorders and sleep disturbances of BO versus offspring of control parents (OCP). METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted that compared BO versus OCP. The participants were assessed using valid tools to determine the presence of psychiatric symptoms or disorders. The "Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire" and "School Sleep Habits Survey" were used to determine sleep characteristics and associated factors. Sleep records (7-21 days) were also obtained by using an actigraphy watch. RESULTS: A sample of 42 participants (18 BO and 24 OCP) was recruited. Differences were found in the presentation of the psychiatric disorder. The BO group showed a higher frequency of major depression disorder (MDD; P = .04) and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD; P = .04). The OCP group showed a higher frequency of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; P = .65), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD; P = .46). Differences were also found in sleep by using subjective measurements. Compared to the OCP group, BO had a worse perception of quality of sleep (P = .02), a higher frequency of nightmares (P = .01), a shorter total sleep time, and a higher sleep latency. Nevertheless, no differences were found between groups in the actigraphy measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The BO group had a higher frequency of Mood Disorders, and at the same time a higher number of sleep disturbances in the subjective measurements. It is possible that there is an association between mood symptoms, sleep disturbances, and coffee intake. No differences were found in the sleep profile by using actigraphy.

Validity based on content: A challenge in health measurement scales.

Content-based validity can be defined as the evidence of the degree to which the items of an instrument represent the construct to be inferred. It is the initial and unavoidable step for evaluating other sources of validity. However, it is one of the least reported psychometric properties in development of health measurement scales. That is why it is considered a challenge that must be overcome with the recognition of its value. In this narrative review, the concept of content as evidence of validity is revised and methods for evaluation are synthesized with an algorithm.

Diálogo deliberativo con universidades iberoamericanas sobre intervenciones en salud mental estudiantil durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Deliberative dialogue with Ibero-American universities on interventions in student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic / Diálogo deliberativo com universidades ibero-americanas sobre intervenções em saúde mental dos estudantes na pandemia de COVID-19

RESUMEN Objetivo. Contextualizar una síntesis de evidencia sobre intervenciones en salud mental estudiantil durante la pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) por medio de un diálogo deliberativo con universidades iberoamericanas. Métodos. Se realizó previamente una síntesis de evidencia y un diálogo sincrónico, que consistió en la discusión en subgrupos acerca del diseño y aplicación de las intervenciones en salud mental. Se realizó un análisis de datos dialógicos y se sintetizó por temas. Resultados. Cincuenta y siete miembros de 17 universidades iberoamericanas públicas y privadas participaron en el encuentro. En el diseño de las intervenciones, se percibe la salud mental como desatendida, y visibilizada con la pandemia. La detección de necesidades es la que orienta las intervenciones y rara vez se utiliza evidencia científica para diseñarlas. Se considera importante conformar un equipo interdisciplinario con capacitación continua para diseñar un programa específico, que cubra también familias y personal docente y administrativo. En la aplicación, existen problemas como la saturación de los servicios por la alta demanda y la falta de recursos básicos de los estudiantes. Es innegable la influencia del contexto macro e institucional por la disposición de recursos. El diálogo fue percibido como oportunidad para construir un consolidado nuevo de intervenciones. Conclusiones. Este diálogo permitió enriquecer la descripción de intervenciones en salud mental estudiantil durante la pandemia de COVID-19 ya descritas en la literatura, aunque llevarlas a la práctica en nuestro contexto supone hacer frente a la deuda por la desatención previa y las altas necesidades básicas insatisfechas.

ABSTRACT Objective. To contextualize a synthesis of evidence on interventions in student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic through a deliberative dialogue with Ibero-American universities. Methods. An evidence synthesis and synchronous dialogues were previously conducted, consisting of subgroup discussions about the design and implementation of mental health interventions. An analysis of dialogic data was conducted, then organized by topic. Results. Fifty-seven representatives of 17 public and private Ibero-American universities participated in the meeting. In terms of the design of interventions, mental health is perceived as neglected, although its profile was raised by the pandemic. Interventions are guided by detection of needs; scientific evidence is rarely used to design them. Importance was given to forming an interdisciplinary team with continuous training in order to design a specific program that also covers families and teaching/administrative staff. In terms of implementation, problems include saturation of services due to high demand and lack of basic resources among students. Regarding the provision of resources, the influence of the broader context, including the institutional context, is undeniable. The dialogues were perceived as an opportunity to build a new set of interventions. Conclusions. These dialogues enriched the description of interventions already described in the literature on student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, implementing such interventions in the region means addressing previous neglect and a high level of unmet basic needs.

RESUMO Objetivo. Contextualizar uma síntese de evidências sobre intervenções em saúde mental de estudantes universitários na pandemia de COVID-19, por meio do diálogo deliberativo com universidades ibero-americanas. Métodos. A partir de uma síntese de evidências previamente elaborada, o diálogo síncrono foi conduzido por meio de discussões em subgrupos sobre o planejamento e a implementação de intervenções em saúde mental. Os dados obtidos foram analisados e resumidos por área temática. Resultados. Cinquenta e sete integrantes de 17 universidades ibero-americanas públicas e privadas participaram do encontro. Os participantes indicaram que a saúde mental é negligenciada no planejamento das intervenções, mas ganhou visibilidade na pandemia. As intervenções são direcionadas às necessidades identificadas e raramente planejadas com base em evidências científicas. Disseram considerar importante formar uma equipe interdisciplinar com capacitação contínua para planejar um programa específico que englobe também familiares e o corpo docente e administrativo. Implementar intervenções é complicado porque os serviços estão sobrecarregados devido à grande demanda e à falta de recursos básicos para os estudantes. O contexto macro e institucional claramente influencia a disponibilização de recursos. O diálogo foi visto como uma oportunidade para consolidar um novo conjunto de intervenções. Conclusões. O presente diálogo contribuiu para enriquecer a literatura de intervenções de saúde mental para estudantes universitários na pandemia de COVID-19. Implementar intervenções no nosso contexto requer sanar as falhas por negligência passada e as enormes necessidades básicas não atendidas.

Razonamiento clínico en medicina II: hacia una definición integradora / Clinical reasoning in medicine II: Towards an integrating definition

RESUMEN El entendimiento del razonamiento clínico es una necesidad para la investigación, la docencia y la práctica clínica. Los modelos teóricos subyacentes podrían agruparse en tres grandes ejes no excluyentes. El primero es denominado bayesiano informal según su estructura semejante al análisis de probabilidades condicionales. El segundo propone (desde las ciencias cognitivas) un razonamiento dual que es la suma de dos tipos de pensamientos: el tipo 1, rápido e intuitivo y, el tipo 2, hipotético-deductivo. El tercero, el conocimiento intersubjetivo que involucra la interacción del saber del paciente sobre su condición con el del médico, además, de hacer explícito el papel de la emoción. En esta segunda entrega se presenta una revisión narrativa de estas teorías para poder proponer una definición integradora, en la que se presenta al razonamiento clínico como un constructo complejo, iterativo y adaptativo.

SUMMARY Understanding clinical reasoning is a crucial for research, teaching, and daily clinical practice. Theoretical models could be grouped into three main non-exclusive axes. The first describes probability-based thinking, called informal Bayesian, because of its similarity to the conditional probability analysis structure. The second, from the cognitive sciences, describes reasoning as the sum of two types of thinking: type 1 (fast and intuitive) and type 2 (hypothetical-deductive). Finally, the third, intersubjective knowledge, which involves the interaction of the patient's knowledge about his condition with the doctor's knowledge and also makes explicit the role of emotion. In this second part, a narrative review of current theories is presented in order to propose an integrative definition, in which clinical reasoning is presented as a complex, iterative and adaptive construct.

Mental health interventions for college and university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A critical synthesis of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to compare the emotional effects of COVID-19 among three different groups, namely: health personnel, medical students, and a sample of the general population. METHODS: 375 participants were recruited for this study, of which 125 were medical students (preclinical studies, 59; clinical studies, 66), 125 were health personnel (COVID-19 frontline personnel, 59; personnel not related with COVID-19, 66), and 125 belonged to the general population. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CPDI scales were used to assess the emotional impact. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to measure differences between groups, considering potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Regarding CPDI values, all other groups showed reduced values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. However, the general population, preclinical and clinical medical students showed increased PHQ-9 values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. Finally, confounding factors, gender and age correlated negatively with higher CPDI and PHQ-9 scores. CONCLUSIONS: Being frontline personnel is associated with increased COVID-19-related stress. Depression is associated, however, with other groups not directly involved with the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Female gender and younger age correlated with COVID-19-related depression and stress.

Comparison of the Neurocognitive Profile of the Children of Parents with Bipolar Disorder and Controls: a Transnational Cross-Sectional Study. / Comparación del Perfil Neurocognitivo de los Hijos de Padres con Trastorno Bipolar y Controles: un Estudio de Corte Transversal.

INTRODUCTION: Studies that have compared the cognitive alterations of the children of parents with bipolar disorder (CPBD) versus the children of control parents (CCP), present heterogeneous results due to the studies' methodological differences, the age of the population studied, and the lack of standardisation of the measures used for the different neurocognitive domains. The objective was to compare the neurocognitive profile of CPBD versus CCP to observe if there are differences that could be proposed as possible endophenotypes of BD. RESULTS: A total of 107 individuals (51 CPBD, and 56 CCP) with ages between 6 and 16 (mean, 12.2±2.80) years of age were evaluated. Seventy-four point five percent of the CPBD group had some disorder compared to 67.9% of the CCP group. Tests such as letter-F phonemic verbal fluency, letter-S phonemic verbal fluency, overall F-A-S phonemic verbal fluency, story recall and retrieval, and Wisconsin perseverative errors showed a difference with a small effect size, but with a high degree of uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: The CPBD did not have differences in their neurocognitive profile in comparison with CCP. Both groups have a high prevalence of psychopathology, which is a factor that could explain the lack of differences in neurocognitive performance.